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Gender bias and stereotypes in Large Language Models
Our contributions in this paper are as follows: (a) LLMs are 3-6 times more likely to choose an occupation that stereotypically aligns with a person's gender; (b) these choices align with people's perceptions better than with the ground truth as reflected in official job statistics; (c) LLMs in fact amplify the bias beyond what is reflected in perceptions or the ground truth; (d) LLMs ignore crucial ambiguities in sentence structure 95% of the time in our study items, but when explicitly prompted, they recognize the ambiguity; (e) LLMs provide explanations for their choices that are factually inaccurate and likely obscure the true reason behind their predictions.
Evolution and trade-off dynamics of functional load
We also find a significant, negative correlation between the FL of vowel length and of the following consonant, that is, a deep-time historical trade-off dynamic, which we relate to known allophony in modern PN languages and compensatory sound changes in their past.
